“Articles / Chapters” provides a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of otolaryngology. These articles are mainly intended for use by medical professionals.
ATA Risk Stratification for Differentiated Thyroid Cancers
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and the prevalence of differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasing worldwide. Among the differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC) papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and […]
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AJCC / TNM Staging of thyroid cancers
After the diagnosis of any cancer in the body, doctors stage cancer. Staging of thyroid cancers describes how big it is and whether it has spread to any other parts […]
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Histopathological Variants of Papillary Carcinoma Thyroid
Papillary carcinoma thyroid (PTC) is the most common differentiated malignancy of thyroid gland. Depending on the different histopathological patterns, cell types and clinical features different variants of papillary carcinoma thyroid […]
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Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis – Clinical features, Diagnosis and Treatment
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) also known as juvenile-onset laryngeal papillomatosis/ laryngeal papillomatosis, is a rare airway disease characterized by the development of small, wart-like growths (papillomas) anywhere in the respiratory […]
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Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL) – Clinical presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment
Sudden hearing loss (SHL) is an emergency clinical condition characterized by a rapid-onset subjective sensation of hearing impairment in one or both ears. When not recognized and managed promptly, sudden […]
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Sudden Hearing Loss: Updated Clinical Practice Guideline
Sudden hearing loss (SHL), defined as a rapid-onset subjective sensation of hearing impairment in one or both ears is an emergency in the ear-nose-throat clinical practice. If not recognized and […]
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Malignant Otitis Externa – Clinical presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment
Malignant otitis externa (MOE) is an aggressive and potentially life-threatening infection of the soft tissues of the external ear and its surrounding structures, which quickly spreads to involve periosteum and […]
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Compartment Surgery in Oral Cancers
Main modality of treatment for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma is surgery. Patients with advanced risk factors like margin positivity, perineural invasion, advanced disease, etc need postoperative radiotherapy. Significant advances […]
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Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis (TEP Speech)
Total laryngectomy is a surgical procedure, most commonly done in cancers of the larynx (voice box). In this procedure, the entire voice box is taken off and a permanent hole […]
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Temporal bone cancer staging systems
Staging of cancers is essential for patient counseling, treatment planning, predict treatment outcome and survival. Most commonly followed staging system for head and neck malignancies is the Tumor, Node, Metastasis […]
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Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Scoring Systems
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) can be defined as chronic irritation of larynx caused by the abnormal backflow of gastric contents into the upper airway, mostly due to upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction. […]
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Does my child need tonsillectomy? – Indications for pediatric tonsillectomy
Tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure performed with or without adenoidectomy that completely removes the tonsil, including its capsule, by dissecting the peritonsillar space between the tonsil capsule and the muscular […]
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Laryngeal Exposure (Opening) Scores
Direct laryngoscopy is a routine procedure conducted to visualize the larynx (voice box), to access, evaluate and treat voice problems. Usually, the laryngoscope is placed through the mouth and the […]
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TNM Staging of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (AJCC 8)
Malignancies arising in nasopharynx / nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have different natural behavior and therapeutic consideration than other head and neck cancers. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma also has a very skewed geographic and […]
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Anatomy and Physiology of Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx is an air-containing cavity at the back of the nose, which occupies the uppermost extent of the aerodigestive tract. It’s like a small cuboidal box about two to […]
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