Thyroid Cancer – Patient information
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in front of the neck. Thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones. It is secreted into the blood and then reaches all the cells […]
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തൈറോയ്ഡ് ക്യാൻസർ – അറിയേണ്ടത്
തൈറോയ്ഡ് ഗ്രന്ഥി എന്നത് ചിത്രശലഭത്തിന്റെ ആകൃതിയിൽ കഴുത്തിന്റെ മുന്നിൽ ആയി സ്ഥിതി ചെയുന്ന ഒരു ഗ്രന്ഥിയാണ്. തൈറോയ്ഡ് ഹോർമോണുകൾ ഉൽപാദിപ്പിക്കുക എന്നതാണ് തൈറോയ്ഡ് ഗ്രന്ഥിയുടെ ജോലി. അത് രക്തത്തിലേക്ക് സ്രവിക്കുകയും പിന്നീട് ശരീരത്തിലെ എല്ലാ കോശങ്ങളിലേക്കും എത്തുകയും ചെയ്യുന്നു. തൈറോയ്ഡ് ഹോർമോൺ […]
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TNM Staging of Salivary Gland Cancers
Once a person is diagnosed with cancer, the next step before deciding on treatment options is a determination of the stage of the cancer. Staging of salivary gland cancers is […]
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Classifications of Neck Dissection
Neck dissection (ND) is a complex surgical operation involving the removal of potential or proven metastases to cervical lymph nodes. The aim of the procedure is to remove lymph nodes […]
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Radiotherapy is better than TORS for Oropharyngeal Cancers – ORATOR Says
The mainstay of treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is chemoradiotherapy. The separation of oropharyngeal cancers into Human papillomavirus (HPV) positive and negative based on the etiology has shown that […]
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Role of Surgery in the Treatment of Oropharyngeal Cancers
Prior to 1990, the mainstay of treatment for oropharyngeal cancers were surgeries. These large, invasive, open approaches like mandibulotomy, tongue pull through (described below), etc were associated with severe compromise […]
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Lymph Node Levels of Head and Neck
There are around 800 lymph nodes in the human body and of these approximately 300 are in the head and neck region. Pathological conditions including tumors, infection and inflammation, etc. […]
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ATA Risk Stratification for Differentiated Thyroid Cancers
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and the prevalence of differentiated thyroid cancer is becoming increasing worldwide. Among the differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC) papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and […]
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AJCC / TNM Staging of thyroid cancers
After the diagnosis of any cancer in the body, doctors stage cancer. Staging of thyroid cancers describes how big it is and whether it has spread to any other parts […]
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Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Head and Neck Cancers
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT); also called Induction chemotherapy is a treatment option in cancer therapy, in which chemotherapy is given prior to the definitive treatment like surgery or radiotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy […]
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Compartment Surgery in Oral Cancers
Main modality of treatment for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma is surgery. Patients with advanced risk factors like margin positivity, perineural invasion, advanced disease, etc need postoperative radiotherapy. Significant advances […]
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Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis (TEP Speech)
Total laryngectomy is a surgical procedure, most commonly done in cancers of the larynx (voice box). In this procedure, the entire voice box is taken off and a permanent hole […]
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ENT Quiz – What’s the molecules telling?
A 65-year-old male presented with a nonhealing ulcer over the pinna of the right ear for 5 months. A biopsy from the lesion was done and the following is the […]
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Temporal bone cancer staging systems
Staging of cancers is essential for patient counseling, treatment planning, predict treatment outcome and survival. Most commonly followed staging system for head and neck malignancies is the Tumor, Node, Metastasis […]
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TNM Staging of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (AJCC 8)
Malignancies arising in nasopharynx / nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have different natural behavior and therapeutic consideration than other head and neck cancers. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma also has a very skewed geographic and […]
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