“Articles / Chapters” provides a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of otolaryngology. These articles are mainly intended for use by medical professionals.
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma – Comprehensive overview
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor, representing the most uncommon form of thyroid malignancy, comprising nearly 5% of all cases. The cancer arises from the parafollicular C cells, […]
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Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinical Profile, Diagnosis, Histology, and Treatment
Thyroid cancer represents one of the most frequently diagnosed endocrine malignancies. It is broadly categorized into differentiated and undifferentiated forms. The differentiated category primarily comprises papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas, […]
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Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis—also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis, or historically as Struma lymphomatosa—is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient populations. The disease […]
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Atrophic Rhinitis: A Clinical and Pathological Review
Atrophic rhinitis (also known as Ozaena) is a progressive, chronic nasal disease defined by mucosal atrophy, bony resorption of the turbinates, and the presence of thick, fetid crusts within the […]
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Pyogenic Granuloma of the Nasal Septum: Clinical and Pathological Review
Pyogenic granuloma (PG), historically a misnomer, refers to a rapidly growing, benign vascular lesion that presents histologically as lobular aggregates of proliferating capillaries. Originally described as “human botryomycosis” by Poncet […]
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Papillary Carcinoma Thyroid: A Comprehensive Overview
Papillary carcinoma thyroid (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid malignancy but carries the best overall prognosis. PTC is generally well-differentiated and slow-growing, often presenting as a solitary thyroid […]
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Hot vs. Cold Thyroid Nodules: Understanding Their Significance
Thyroid nodules are a common clinical finding, often detected during routine physical examination or incidentally on imaging. These nodules can be classified as hot (hyperfunctioning) or cold (non-functioning) based on […]
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Fungal rhinosinusitis – Clinical features, Types and Management
Fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) is a complex and heterogeneous condition, with the role of fungal agents in its pathogenesis remaining incompletely understood. Although fungi can be cultured from the nasal secretions […]
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Anterior Palatoplasty / Cautery-Assisted Palatal Stiffening Operation
Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often result from anatomical and functional collapse of the upper airway, with palatal flutter accounting for over 80% of snoring cases. The Cautery-Assisted Palatal […]
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Sialolithiasis / Salivary Stones – Clinical features, Treatment options
Sialolithiasis, or the formation of salivary stones, is a common disease affecting the salivary glands. The presence of stones (calculi) within the salivary gland ductal system or glandular tissue can […]
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Eagle syndrome or Styalgia: Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Treatment
Eagle syndrome, also known as styalgia, stylohyoid syndrome, styloid syndrome, or styloid–carotid artery syndrome, is a rare clinical condition resulting from an elongated or malformed styloid process. This abnormality can […]
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Tonsillectomy – Indications, Contraindications and Complications
Tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the complete removal of both palatine tonsils from the back of the throat. This operation is primarily performed to treat recurrent tonsillitis, throat […]
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HIV Associated Salivary Gland Disease
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) associated salivary gland disease is seen in 4-8% of adults and children with HIV, most commonly present as enlarged gland. The condition is one of the […]
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Mumps / Epidemic parotitis / Viral parotitis
Parotitis is a clinical condition marked by the swelling and inflammation of the parotid glands. It can arise from various causes, including obstruction of the parotid duct (such as sialolithiasis), […]
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Lemierre’s syndrome
Lemierre’s syndrome (also known as postanginal septicemia) is a rare, life-threatening complication of oropharyngeal / deep neck space infections (parapharyngeal abscess, retropharyngeal abscess etc..) with significant mortality. It is the septic […]
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